The answer is it depends?
We are going to discuss some cartridges (not all) in this post. In later Posts we will deal with type of rifle. For this post we will just deal with the standard scoped bolt action rifle comparing apples to apples. Charts and graphs provided will need to be clicked on to get a larger readable view.
233 Remington vs. 22-250
Good for all Varmint and Whitetail Deer
220 Swift vs. 243 Remington
Good for all Varmint and Whitetail Deer
My choice 220 Swift
25-06 vs. 30-06
Good for all Varmint and All Deer, Elk and Hogs
My Choice 25-06
300 Winchester Mag vs. 300 Weatherby Mag
Large Deer, Elk, Grizzly any animal North American Continent
My choice - 300 Winchester Mag - Ammo price and availability
Note: All charts and graphs are calculated at sea level elevation. The results will change dramatically as you ascend in altitude. But the comparisons between cartridges will stay approximately the same relative to each other.